Verification status: Author, title, publication, pagination, and identifier fields were checked against DOI registration or publisher records. Principal source-to-claim uses were reviewed for scope. See the Citation Verification Audit.
Emergence and multilevel theory
Chan, D. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.234
Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (1999). The structure and function of collective constructs: Implications for multilevel research and theory development. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1893935
Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Klein, K. J. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 3–90). Jossey-Bass.
Kozlowski, S. W. J., Chao, G. T., Grand, J. A., Braun, M. T., & Kuljanin, G. (2013). Advancing multilevel research design: Capturing the dynamics of emergence. Organizational Research Methods, 16(4), 581–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428113493119
Sawyer, R. K. (2000). Simulating emergence and downward causation in small groups. In S. Moss & P. Davidsson (Eds.), Multi-agent-based simulation (pp. 49–67). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44561-7_4
Sawyer, R. K. (2004). The mechanisms of emergence. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 34(2), 260–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393103262553
Sawyer, R. K. (2005). Social emergence: Societies as complex systems. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511734892
Construct validity, validation, and uncertainty
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016
Messick, S. (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons’ responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50(9), 741–749. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.741
Gneiting, T., & Raftery, A. E. (2007). Strictly proper scoring rules, prediction, and estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102(477), 359–378. https://doi.org/10.1198/016214506000001437
Computational social science and relational evidence
Lazer, D., Pentland, A., Adamic, L., Aral, S., Barabási, A.-L., Brewer, D., Christakis, N., Contractor, N., Fowler, J., Gutmann, M., Jebara, T., King, G., Macy, M., Roy, D., & Van Alstyne, M. (2009). Computational social science. Science, 323(5915), 721–723. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167742
Moody, J., & White, D. R. (2003). Structural cohesion and embeddedness: A hierarchical concept of social groups. American Sociological Review, 68(1), 103–127. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088904
Kumar, S., Hamilton, W. L., Leskovec, J., & Jurafsky, D. (2018). Community interaction and conflict on the web. In Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (pp. 933–943). https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186141
Awareness and human–AI systems
Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1), 32–64. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872095779049543
Amershi, S., Weld, D., Vorvoreanu, M., Fourney, A., Nushi, B., Collisson, P., Suh, J., Iqbal, S., Bennett, P. N., Inkpen, K., Teevan, J., Kikin-Gil, R., & Horvitz, E. (2019). Guidelines for human–AI interaction. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300233
O’Neill, T. A., McNeese, N. J., Barron, A., & Schelble, B. G. (2022). Human–autonomy teaming: A review and analysis of the empirical literature. Human Factors, 64(5), 904–938. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720820960865
Registry maintenance
New records are added only after bibliographic and claim-use review. Corrections are recorded in the Version History and governed by the Editorial and Citation Policy. The current method and results are documented in the Citation Verification Audit.